Software Preservation Group of the Computer History Museum

CRMS APL Archive

Paul McJones, editor
paul@mcjones.org

10 October 2026

Abstract

This is an archive of scanned copies of most of the known records from the CRMS APL project, which took place at the Center for Research in Management Science (CRMS) of the University of California, Berkeley, between 1972 and 1976. CRMS pioneered the use of interactive computerized multiperson simulation experiments for social science research. The facility, referred to as the Management Science Laboratory, was conceived by Professor Austin Hoggatt. The original computer system was based on linked DEC PDP-5 and PDP-8 computers. That system was replaced by the advanced APL-based timeshared system documented here. For a history of the project, see:

[McJones2026]
Paul McJones. History of CRMS APL. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 48, Number 1, pages 54–65, January–March 2026, doi: 10.1109/MAHC.2026.3652780. https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MAHC.2026.3652780

The physical records were donated to the Computer History Museum as Acquisition #2025.0092.

Archived documents and source listings

The order is chronological within each subsection.

Hardware

[HoggattEtAl1969]
Austin C. Hoggatt, Joseph Esherick and John T. Wheeler. A Laboratory to Facilitate Computer-Controlled Behavioral Experiments. Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume 14, Number 2, June 1969, pages 202–207. JSTOR Also: Reprint No. 88, Center for Research in Management Science. 196906xx-ach_je_jtw-laboratory_to_facilitate
[DSC1970]
Digital Scientific Corporation. The META 4 Series 16 Computer System: Preliminary System Manual. Publication No. 7006MO, June 1970. PDF at bitsavers.org
[Grant1972]
Charles Grant. Microprocessor Guide to the CRMS Processor-Memory Configuration. 12 July 1972; revised 30 July 1973. 19730730-cag-microprogrammers_guide_crms_proc_mem_config
[Greenberg1972]
Mark L. Greenberg. Disk Interface and Controller Reference Manual. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, 12 July 1972. 19720712-mlg-disk_io
[Morrow1972]
George Morrow. Serial Line Input/Output System. Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, 24 July 1972. 19720724-gcm-serial_line_io
[DTC1974]
Data Terminals and Communications. DTC-300 Users's Manual. 1 February 1974. Wiley Greiner's copy, with his annotations on page 7-5 (USASCII code). 19740201-DTC_300_Users_Manual

Microcode

Documents

[GrantGreenberg1971]
Charles A. Grant and Mark L. Greenberg. The Uses of a Microprocessor in an Interactive Computing System. 4th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 12-14, 1971. 19710100-cag_mlg-uses_of_a_microprocessor
[McJones1972a]
Paul McJones. Meta APL Floating-Point Arithmetic. 13 June 1972. Design notes. 19720613-prm-meta_apl_floating_point_arith
[McJones1972b]
Paul McJones. Preliminary Reference Manual for the CRMS System APL Processor. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, 12 July 1972. 19720712-prm-prelim_crms_apl_proc_ref
[McJones1973c]
Paul McJones. CRMS APL Processor Reference Manual. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, 2 February 1973.
[Grant197x]
[Charles Grant?] Instruction Processing Unit for the SIMPLE Object Language. Cited by [Gre1975]; earlier title SIMPLE Instruction Processing Unit Reference Manual cited by [Gre1973] but no copy of either is known.

Source code

[McJones1973a]
Paul McJones. APL\META 4 Microcode. Digital Scientific META 4 Series 16 assembly language. 28 January 1973. See "Errors in AIPU Microcode" in [McJones2026] for the four bugs.
[McJones1973b]
Paul McJones. Test programs for CRMS APL Processor. NARP assembly language for SDS-940. MACAPL: MACRO package for META-APL assemblies, facilitating creating programs to be executed by the CRMS APL Processor; TPFACT: Recursive factorial function; TPIDX: Exercise various index-related operations; TPREF: Exercise memory references; TPARITH: Exercise arithmetic. 19730128-prm-crms_apl_proc_tests
[Greiner1973]
Wiley Greiner. Verification programs. NARP assembly language using MACAPL MACRO package.

System Software

Documents

[Redell1972a]
David Redell. Interprocess Communication. Working Document, 20 July 1972. 19720720-ddr-interprocess_communication
[Redell1972b]
David Redell. CRMS APL/SIMPLE Integrated Language Processing System: Design Considerations. 22 July 1972. 19720722-ddr-integrated_lang_sys
[McJones1972c]
Paul McJones. CRMS APL Syntax. 30 October 1972. 19721030-prm-crms_apl_syntax
[Redell1972c]
David Redell. [Unpublished process design notes.] Undated and various June-October 1972. 197210xx-ddr-process_design_notes
[RedellMcJones1972]
David Redell and Paul McJones. CRMS Process Synchronization Mechanism. 11 November 1972. 19721111-ddr_prm-crms_process_sync
[Redell1972d]
David Redell. Language System: Interim Command Language. 5 December 1972. 19721205-ddr-interim_cmd_lang
[Redell1973a]
David Redell. Preliminary Language System User Manual. 2 February 1973.
[McJones1973d]
Paul McJones. Some Failings of APL. 2 March 1973. Written shortly after leaving the project. 19730302-prm-some_failings_of_apl
[Redell1973d]
Dave Redell. Phone numbers of interest. Lists Systems Staff members and other useful phone numbers.
[Grant1973]
Charles Grant. Operating System Notes. A blend of narrative, data structure diagrams, and some application programming interfaces. 19730727-cag-operating_system_notes
[Greenberg1973]
Mark Greenberg. SIMPLE Language Specification Reference Manual. Technical Document R1, Systems Groups, Center for Research in Management Science. 26 July 1973; revised 5 September 1973. 19730726-mlg-simple_lang_ref
[Redell1973c]
David Redell. External and internal character codes. 13 September 1973. (Exernal character codes were ASCII; internal codes were "rotated ASCII": (code-32) mod 128.) 19730913-ddr-char_codes
[Harp1973a]
James Harp. Runtime User Documentation: Clock/Date/Time. 18 September 1973. 19730918-jlh-runtime_user_documentation
[Harp1973b]
James Harp. IPC Runtime Routine: User Documentation. Calling sequences for message send/receive operations. 19731101-jlh-ipc_runtime_routine_user_documentation
[GrantEtAl1974]
Charles A. Grant, Mark L. Greenberg, and David D. Redell. A computer system providing microcoded APL. Research Report LR-24, Management Science Laboratory, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley. January 1974. Also published in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on APL (APL '74). Association for Computing Machinery, pages 173–179. 19740100-cag_mlg_ddr-sys_providing_microcoded_apl
[GrantGreenberg1974]
Charles Grant and Mark Greenberg. Hard-copy terminals. Memo to Laboratory Advisory Committee and Systems Group. Undated; circa early 1974. Compared five vendors; recommended Data Terminals Corporation (DTC). 1974xxxx-cag_mlg-hard_copy_terminals
[GrantMcJones1974]
Charles Grant and Paul McJones. [Example of floating-point rounding.] Circa 1974. 1974xxxx-cag-prm-rounding
[Redell1974a]
[David Redell?] Tape Back-up procedure. 21 February 1974. 19740221-xxx-tape_back_up_procedure
[Greiner1974a]
Wiley Greiner. CRMS APL Character Set. 1 March 1974. Included underscored and overstruck combinations. 19740301-wg-crms_apl_character_set
[Greiner1974b]
Wiley Greiner. Checkpoint. Summarizes APL syntax with the new DTC-300 terminals and APL-ASCII daisy wheel type element. ("Last week 15 new terminals arrived.") Reviews CRMS-specific operators, errors, etc. 6 March 1974. 19740306-wg-checkpoint.pdf
[Greiner1974c]
Wiley Greiner. APL Output Controller. Undated; circa 1974. 1974xxxx-wg-apl_output_controller
[Greiner1974d]
Wiley Greiner. APL Free-format output. 9 May 1974. Three handwritten pages specifying behavior by CRMS APL followed by four pages photocopies from an existing APL manual. 19740509-wg-apl_free_format_output
[Glassco1974a]
Paul Glassco. Timer process. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley, 3 May 1974. 19740503-pag-timer_process
[Glassco1974b]
Paul Glassco. Phase 1 Print Subsystem. Describes command for printing files. 14 May 1974. 19740514-pag-phase_1_print_subsystem
[Glassco1974c]
Paul Glassco. Phase 1 Reorder Subsystem. Describes command for sorting functions by name in a text file. 14 May 1974. 19740514-pag-phase_1_reorder_subsystem
[Grant1974]
Charles Grant. Phase One Time-Sharing. 11 June 1974. 19740611-cag-phase_one_time_sharing
[GreinerGreenberg1974]
Wiley Greiner and Mark Greenberg. SIMPLE program measurement system. 2 July 1974, 19740702-wg_mlg-simple_program_measurement_system
[Glassco1974]
Paul Glassco. Claims Manager. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley, 5 July 1974. 19740605-pag-claims_manager
[GeeEtAl1974]
Paul Gee, Wiley Greiner, Sheldon Linker, and David Redell. Writing Behavioral Experiments in CRMS APL: Programmer's Manual (Preliminary Version). Technical Document, Systems Group, Technical Document, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley. July 15, 1974.
[Linker1974b]
Sheldon Linker. Attention All APL Users. 18 July 1974. Describes recent changes to programming interfaces. 19740718-sol-attention_all_apl_users
[Redell1974
David Redell. Proposal for Final CRMS APL Interface — APL Subcommittee. 6 August 1974. 19740806-ddr-proposal_for_final_apl_interface
[Linker1974a]
Sheldon Linker. APLOT: APL Functions for Plotting on DTC Terminals. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley, 21 August 1974. 19740821-sol-aplot_apl_plotting functions
[Greiner1974e]
Wiley Greiner. Users' Guide to Programmer-Specified Formatting. Working Document, 7 November 1974. 19741107-wg-users_guide_to_programmer_specified_formatting
 
[Linker1974b]
Sheldon Linker. Memo to Wiley Greiner and Mark Greenberg. Undated (circa fall 1974). Handwritten. Suggests performance optimizations to system software and Little University simulation. 197411xx-sol-memo_to_wg_mlg
[HoggattBalderston1975]
Austin C. Hoggatt and F. E. Balderston. Task Force Subcommittees for CRMS Laboratory Functions. 13 February 1975. The cover letter provides motivation for the task force. 19750213-ach_feb-task_force_memo
[Greiner1975a]
Wiley Greiner. Users' Briefing of Full Duplex Input Proposal. Working Document, 14 January 1975. 19750114-wg-users_briefing_of_full_duplex_input_proposal
[Greiner1975b]
Wiley Greiner. Users' Guide to Phase 2 Transition. 13 February 1975. 19750213-wg-users_guide_to_phase_2_transition
[Greiner1975c]
Wiley Greiner. Users' Revised Guide to Phase 2 Full Duplex Input. 13 February 1975. 19750213-wg-ug_to_phase_2_full_duplex_input_revised
[Greenberg1975]
Mark Greenberg. SIMPLE Language System Terminal Commands Reference Manual. Technical Document, Systems Group, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975. [Gre1973] cites SIMPLE Interactive Language System Reference Manual, presumably an earlier version. 97505xx-mlg-simple_lang_sys_terminal_cmds
[Greiner1975b]
Wiley Greiner. 19750213-wg-ug_to_phase_2_full_duplex_input_revised.pdf
[Greiner1975]
Wiley Greiner. Scalar Functions: An APL Analysis of the Vertical and Horizontal Implementations. Master's Thesis, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, 12 June 1975. 19750612-wg-thesis_scalar_functions
[Balderston1975]
F. E. Balderston. Memo to Wiley Greiner. 26 June 1975. Approves Hoggatt's recommendation that Greiner's "thesis on APL implementation be processed on the RUNOFF system in the Laboratory and that it be included in the Laboratory Technical Report series." 19750626-feb-memo_to_wg
[Greiner1975c]
Wiley Greiner. An APL at CRMS User's Manual for APL\360 Programmers. 1 August 1975. 19750801-wg-crms_apl_users_manual

Source code

[Redell1973e]
David Redell. Inverse Bowling Problem. SIMPLE source code, 27 November 1973. Solution to problem given by Edsger Dijkstra at 1973 Marktoberdorf Summer School (see EWD385). 19731127-ddr-inverse_bowling_source
[Sumer1973]
?. [The Sumerian Game.] CRMS APL source code, circa November 1973. Based on Mabel Addis's 1964 The Sumerian Game, via Doug Dyment's FOCAL version. Written using an ASCII frontend to CRMS APL, which preceded the DTC-300 terminals.
[Greiner1974f]
Wiley Greiner. COMPRESS utility. SIMPLE source code, 26 February 1974. 19740226-wg-compress_source
[Greiner1974g]
Wiley Greiner. ARUN source code. APL source code, 14 June 1974. Implementation of APL operators not implemented in microcode. 19740614-wg-arun_source
[Xx1974a]
?. SIMPLE Interactive Language System source. SIMPLE source code. Undated, circa 1974. 1974000-xxx-simple_language_system_source
[Xx1974b]
?. APL Runtime Supervisor source. SIMPLE source code. Undated, circa 1974. 19740000-xxx-apl_runtime_supervisor_source
[Greiner1974g]
Wiley Greiner? Ballistics. APL source code for simple missile-firing game, using new CRMS APL I/O routines. Undated; circa summer 1974. 1974xxxx-wg-ballistics_source

Applications

Mark B. Garman

(Garman was assisted by Robert Gray, Michael Megas, George Morrow, and Jeffrey Moore.)

[Garman1969]
[Mark B. Garman.] Experimental Stock Market Instructions. 20 August 1969. An early sketch of what became Trading Floor/1. 19690820-mbg-experimental_stock_market_instructions
[Garman1972]
Mark B. Garman. Trading Floor/1: A Prototype of an Automated Securities Exchange. Institute of Business and Economic Research, Working Paper No. 7, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley, July 1972. No original copy. 197207xx-mbg-trading_floor_1-working_paper_7 / digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu (pdf page 113)
[Garman1973]
Mark B. Garman. Laboratory Studies in Asset Trading. August-September 1973.
[Garman1974]
Mark B. Garman. "MBA's wanted" poster. Circa May 1974. 197405xx-mbg-mbas_wanted_poster
[Garman1975a]
Mark B. Garman. A Description of an Experimental Securities Exchange. Working Paper CP-372, Center for Research in Management Science, University of California, Berkeley. March 1975; revised October 1975. 19751001-mbg-experimental_securities_exchange
[Garman1975b]
[Mark B. Garman.] CLAIMS - Experimenter Documentation. Circa 1975? 1975xxxx-mbg-claims_experimenter_documentation
[Garman1975c]
[Mark B. Garman.] CLAIMS Experiment Instruction Manual. Circa 1975? 1975xxxx-mbg-claims_experiment_instruction_manual

Peter Elias

[EliasHoggatt1974]
Peter Elias with Austin Hoggatt. "EQUILIBRIA" (A Macroeconomic Computer Game). B. A. 147 Classwork. Working Paper No. 1, School of Business Administration, University of California [, Berkeley] [, 15 March 1974]. 19740315-pe_ach-equilibria
[Elias1974]
Peter Elias. Some Notes on a Learning Experience. Working Paper No. 3, [School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley,] 27 March 1974. 19740327-pe-notes_on_learning_experience

Peter J. Blatman

[KillenBlatman1975]
Diana Templeton Killen and Peter John Blatman. A Report on Environment Modeling and Model Pre-Processing for Jason, the Berkeley Robot. Report, C.S. 282H, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Winter 1975. No original copy. 19750000-dtk_pjb-robot_modeling
[Blatman1978]
Peter John Blatman. A Feasability Study of a Data Encryption Algorithm for Use in an Electronic Funds Transfer System. Master's thesis, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley, 12 June 1978. No original copy. 19780612-pjb-study_of_data_encryption_algorithm

Austin C. Hoggatt

[Hoggatt1975]
[Austin Hoggatt.] Bargaining Experiment. 6 August 1975. Handwritten annotation: "Wiley, here is a description of the Bargaining game. It should be easy to implement. We can't find the APL program. ACH 8/6/75"